![]() The latter might be the most common manipulation of self-awareness, as shown by experiments focusing on the effects of the presence (vs. Studies investigating the effects of self-awareness manipulate self-focus in a variety of manners: by displaying participants’ names ( Silvia, 2012 Silvia & Phillips, 2013), by exposing participants to their own voices ( Ickes, Wicklund, & Ferris, 1973), or to their mirror-reflected images ( Bender, O’Connor, & Evans, 2018 Dijksterhuis & van Knippenberg, 2000 Gendolla & Richter, 2010 Heine, Takemoto, Moskalenko, Lasaleta, & Henrich, 2008 Hutton & Baumeister, 1992). Self-awareness can be defined as the capacity to direct attention towards oneself (self-focus state) and to engage in reflexive thought about oneself ( Carver & Scheier, 1981). Implications for the mirror effect and recommendations for pre-registered replications are discussed. Overall, the results suggest that the original effect was a false positive or that the conditions for obtaining it (in terms of statistical power and/or outlier detection method) are not yet fully understood. An equivalence TOST test did not yield evidence for or against the mirror effect. A multiverse analysis revealed a significant mirror effect only when excluding extreme observations. We found no evidence of the mirror effect in pre-registered analyses. As in the original study, self-awareness was manipulated using a mirror and recognition latencies for accurately detecting suicide-related words, negative words, and neutral words in a lexical decision task were assessed. We attempted to replicate this effect in a pre-registered study (N = 150). When individuals are exposed to their own image in a mirror, known to increase self-awareness, they may show increased accessibility of suicide-related words (a phenomenon labeled “the mirror effect” Selimbegović & Chatard, 2013).
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